Key Takeaways:

• CLO equity can deliver high, front-loaded income through quarterly distributions, supported by leveraged exposure to diversified loan portfolios.
• Active management and embedded optionality create meaningful upside potential beyond traditional fixed income.
• With distinct return drivers and historically lower correlations to other asset classes, CLO equity can enhance portfolio income and diversification.

CLO equity can provide income-driven, high return opportunities with upside potential that is distinct from CLO debt and other asset classes. The VanEck CLO Opportunities Fund invests in both CLO equity and lower rated debt and can shift a significant portion of its portfolio towards equity when attractive value emerges. This blog aims to provide an overview of CLO equity, including the risk and return drivers, market structure and risks.

The Equity Slice: What Makes CLO Equity Unique

A CLO is a securitized portfolio of leveraged loans, which are floating rate debt instruments issued by non-investment grade corporate borrowers. This diversified portfolio of loans (typically 200-300+ individual loans) comprises the CLO’s assets, which is funded by both equity and multiple tranches of debt. An overview of CLO debt can be found here. CLO equity is the junior-most tranche and receives the residual cashflows from the loan portfolio, after the interest payments to debt investors and other operating expenses of the CLO. CLO equity investors gain leveraged exposure to the underlying loan portfolio and can benefit from the high level of income distributed through the residual payments. Given the equity tranche typically comprises about 10% of a CLO’s capital structure, structural leverage is approximately 10x.

CLO Tranche Structure and Cash Flow Priority

Source: PineBridge Investments. This is not an offer to buy or sell, or recommendation to buy or sell any of the securities mentioned herein. The simplified example is for illustrative purposes only and does not reflect the performance of any actual CLO or any fund. Actual results will vary and may result in losses, particularly given the leveraged and first-loss nature of CLO equity.

Historically, CLO equity has been the domain of institutional investors such as hedge funds, insurance companies and asset managers with dedicated structured credit teams. More recently, interval funds and other vehicles have begun offering access to individual investors who meet certain suitability requirements.

While all CLO investors can benefit from a manager’s ability to maintain overall portfolio credit quality, the gains from active trading accrue to the equity tranche, providing CLO equity investors with additional upside potential. For example, a skilled CLO manager might decide to sell a loan that has appreciated in price to, for example, 101, and buy a high quality but mispriced loan trading at 98. Assuming the loan matures at par, the CLO realizes 3% of “par build” from this trade, which equates to an approximately 30% gain to CLO equity investors due to the structural leverage of the CLO.

Further, the optionality embedded in CLOs provides additional opportunities to capture value that is not available to debt investors. The majority of equity investors can direct a manager to take certain actions: call, refinance or reset a CLO.

• Call: Calling a CLO results in a liquidation of the portfolio and repayment of debt at par in order of seniority, with the remaining proceeds going to equity investors. If the portfolio is liquidated above par, the gains directly benefit the equity investors.
• Refinance: Refinancing a CLO replaces existing debt with cheaper financing when debt spreads have tightened. The resulting savings increase residual cash flows to equity investors.
• Reset: Resetting a CLO reissues the transaction at current market terms while retaining the existing portfolioLower debt financing spreads can increase residual cash flows to equity investors, particularly when the portfolio was assembled during a period of wider loan spreads.

In all cases, equity investors have the option to take actions that are most beneficial to equity returns.

Equity Returns

The case for CLO equity exposure rests on its substantial, front-loaded returns, generated primarily through regular quarterly cash distributions driven by the spread between what the loan portfolio earns and what the CLO pays to debt holders. In a performing CLO, investors receive distributions immediately with the next scheduled payment (typically quarterly), resulting in a shorter average life than comparable asset classes like private equity, without the negative returns typically associated with such investments in early years (i.e. the “j-curve”). Equity investors typically target 12-15% IRRs, although the ultimate return can vary significantly depending on the purchase price, timing of cashflows and the ultimate value realized. As shown below, returns by year of issuance vary greatly, as does the dispersion within each vintage year.

Vintage matters

Source: BofA Research. Represents all redeemed CLOs assuming a purchase price at par. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. For illustrative purposes only.

Because CLO equity does not carry a stated coupon, expected returns are based on several assumptions including default rates, prepayment speed, and recovery rates, among others.

CLO Equity Return Profile

Source: PineBridge. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. For illustrative purposes only.

In addition, a skilled CLO manager can react to changing market conditions. Upside potential accrues to the equity investor, who can benefit from a volatile market that generates attractive trading opportunities. Embedded optionality, together with active management, mean that equity returns can benefit as the market changes. Because of these unique return drivers, CLO equity has exhibited low to moderate correlations versus other asset classes such as high yield bonds, mezzanine CLO debt, U.S. equities and investment grade corporate debt.

CLO Equity Correlations Matrix

Correlations are based on historical index data over a 5 year time period ending 12/31/25 and may not persist in future market environments.

Low Correlation to Other Asset Classes

Source: Morningstar, as of 12/31/2025. BBB Rated CLOs by J.P. Morgan CLO BBB Index, BB Rated CLOs by J.P. Morgan CLO BB Index, CLO Equity median represents all redeemed CLOs assuming a purchase price at par, IG CLOs by J.P Morgan CLO IG Index, Agg by the ICE BofA US Broad Market Index, US IG by ICE BofA US Corporate Index, US HY by ICE BofA US High Yield Index, Leveraged Loans represented by Morningstar LSTA US Leveraged Loan Index. See index descriptions at the end of this presentation. Past performance is not indicative of future results. This is not an offer to buy or sell, or recommendation to buy or sell any of the securities mentioned herein.

Understanding the Risks

The potential for high returns comes with real risks. As the junior-most tranche, equity absorbs all default losses first, before any debt tranche is impacted. Over the course of a CLO’s life, some loan defaults should be expected. Additionally, the same leverage that amplifies gains also amplifies price volatility.

CLO equity trades in a dealer market and may be less liquid than publicly traded securities. Bid-ask spreads can widen during market stress, and investors should expect to hold positions for multiple years. This illiquidity is one reason CLO equity offers a premium over more liquid alternatives and is why we believe investing through a structure such as an interval fund, which does not impose daily liquidity requirements on the portfolio manager, is the most appropriate way to access this part of the market.

However, there are risk mitigants that equity investors can benefit from:

• Diversification: CLO portfolios are highly diversified by issuer and sector, and CLO managers must adhere to various collateral quality requirements specified in deal documentation.
• Active management: Portfolio managers continuously monitor the credit quality of the portfolio and can sell deteriorating loans before they default, helping to maintain the overall quality of the portfolio.
• No forced liquidation: CLOs use term financing without triggers that would force sales during temporary price declines. This means price volatility doesn't necessarily translate into realized losses if underlying loans continue to perform.
• Overcollateralization tests: If portfolio quality deteriorates beyond certain thresholds, cash flows are redirected to pay down senior debt rather than distributed to equity.  While this reduces distributions to equity investors in the near term, it may protect the structure by giving managers time to improve the portfolio, potentially reducing future losses and enhancing the equity’s long-term value.

CLO equity offers leveraged exposure to diversified loan portfolios, combining high current income with embedded optionality that lets investors benefit as market conditions change. The trade-off is clear: as the first-loss tranche, equity bears meaningful risk and requires a long-term horizon. For investors who understand the structure and can tolerate volatility and a lower level of liquidity, CLO equity can be a compelling component of an income-oriented portfolio. The VanEck CLO Opportunities Fund invests primarily in CLO equity and lower-rated CLO debt. The Fund is actively managed by PineBridge Investments, and draws on the firm’s extensive credit capabilities and decades of CLO market experience.

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